Carcinoid tumors explained

By SWA

Carcinoid tumors are a type of slow-growing cancer that can arise in several places throughout your body. They are most commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the appendix, small intestine, and rectum, but can also occur in the lungs, pancreas, and other parts of the body. These tumors are a subset of tumors called neuroendocrine tumors, which originate from cells that release hormones into the bloodstream in response to a signal from the nervous system.

Characteristics

  • Slow-growing: Carcinoid tumors typically grow slower than other forms of cancer.
  • Hormone-producing: They can produce hormones, especially serotonin, which can cause a variety of symptoms known as carcinoid syndrome when released in large amounts.
  • Variable symptoms: Symptoms depend on the location of the tumor and whether it produces hormones. Many people with carcinoid tumors have no symptoms in the early stages.

Symptoms

When symptoms occur, they may include:

  • Flushing: Redness or a feeling of warmth in the face and neck.
  • Diarrhea: Persistent or severe episodes.
  • Abdominal pain: Depending on the location of the tumor.
  • Wheezing or shortness of breath: Particularly if the tumor is in the lungs.
  • Carcinoid syndrome: This occurs in advanced cases when the tumors release large amounts of hormones into the bloodstream, leading to more severe symptoms including flushing, diarrhea, and heart problems.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing carcinoid tumors involves a combination of techniques:

  • Imaging tests: Such as MRI, CT scans, and PET scans to visualize the tumors.
  • Blood and urine tests: To check for hormones that are produced by carcinoid tumors.
  • Biopsy: Taking a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the tumor’s location, size, whether it has spread, and general health of the patient:

  • Surgery: Often the first-line treatment if the tumor is localized.
  • Medications: To control symptoms, especially those related to hormone production.
  • Targeted radiation or chemotherapy: For tumors that have spread or cannot be surgically removed.

Carcinoid tumors often have a better prognosis than more aggressive forms of cancer, particularly if they are detected early and localized. Ongoing research is improving the understanding and treatment of these tumors.

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