Q and A: about health and research

Introduction Encephalitis and meningitis are severe neurological conditions characterized by inflammation of the brain and its surrounding membranes, respectively. These conditions can result from viral, bacterial, or autoimmune causes, often leading to life-threatening complications. Recent research has focused on the role of TMPRSS2 (Transmembrane Serine Protease 2) in facilitating viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) —both of which are known to cause encephalitis. Understanding TMPRSS2’s involvement in brain inflammation is crucial for diagnosing and developing targeted therapies for these conditions. To test for and find evidence of TMPRSS2’s role in encephalitis and meningitis , researchers employ a combination of biochemical, molecular, and imaging techniques . Below, we explore the key methods used in the investigation of TMPRSS2’s involvement in brain infections. 1. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis Why CSF? Since encephalitis and men...

Related to: Impact of APOE , Klotho, and sex on cognitive decline with aging https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2416042122 Understanding the APOE-ε4/ε4 Genotype The APOE (Apolipoprotein E) gene plays a crucial role in cholesterol metabolism and brain function . It comes in three common forms: ε2, ε3, and ε4 . If you have inherited two copies of the ε4 allele (APOE-ε4/ε4) , you may have an increased risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and cardiovascular issues . While genetics influence disease risk, lifestyle and diet can play a powerful role in reducing this risk . Research suggests that dietary choices significantly impact brain aging, inflammation, and cholesterol levels —factors that are especially relevant for APOE-ε4 carriers . One of the most effective approaches for brain health is a Mediterranean or keto-like diet that is low in processed carbohydrates . This dietary pattern combines the best of both worlds : the heart-healthy, anti-inflammator...

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints (where the spine meets the pelvis). Over time, this condition can cause vertebrae to fuse, leading to stiffness, pain, and, in severe cases, a hunched posture. AS is part of a group of diseases known as spondyloarthropathies , which also affect other joints and organs. While there is no cure, early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Causes of Ankylosing Spondylitis The exact cause of AS remains unknown , but research suggests that genetics, immune system dysfunction, and environmental factors all contribute to its development. 1. Genetic Factors A key genetic link to AS is the HLA-B27 gene . Around 90% of people with AS carry this gene, though not everyone with HLA-B27 develops the disease. This indicates that additional genetic or environmental factors are necessary for AS to develop. Other genes, such as ERAP1 and IL-23R , h...

The discovery of anti-D immunoglobulin (RhIg) is one of the greatest breakthroughs in preventive medicine and neonatal care . Before its development, Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) —also known as Erythroblastosis Fetalis —was a major cause of infant mortality and severe neonatal illness . The introduction of RhIg has saved millions of newborns and remains a cornerstone of modern obstetric and transfusion medicine. 1. Early Observations of Rh Incompatibility (1930s-1940s) In the 1930s , doctors and researchers noticed that some newborns developed severe jaundice, anemia, and brain damage soon after birth. However, the cause remained unknown. Key Discoveries: In 1939 , Dr. Philip Levine and Dr. Rufus Stetson documented the first case of maternal antibodies attacking fetal red blood cells . This provided a crucial clue to understanding Rh disease. In 1940 , Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener discovered the Rh factor while studying rhesus monkeys . They found that some ind...

Introduction Cancer is a complex disease influenced by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors . Among the various types, nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is of particular concern due to its strong association with carcinogens, viral infections, and genetic susceptibility. This article explores how formaldehyde , a known carcinogen , contributes to NPC by damaging DNA and disrupting cellular processes , as well as the genetic factors that increase susceptibility. 1. What Is a Carcinogen? A carcinogen is any substance, radiation, or infectious agent that can cause cancer by: ✅ Damaging DNA , leading to mutations. ✅ Disrupting cellular processes , causing uncontrolled cell growth. ✅ Weakening the immune system , allowing cancerous cells to multiply. Types of Carcinogens Chemical Carcinogens – Found in pollutants, tobacco smoke, industrial chemicals. Example: Formaldehyde, benzene, asbestos . Physical Carcinogens – Includes radiation and ultraviolet (UV) rays. Ex...

By Sieglinde W. Alexander Introduction: The Need for Real Change Corruption, inequality, and unchecked power have eroded the foundations of democracy. Billionaires exploit the system, politicians serve corporate interests over the people, and laws meant to ensure justice are selectively enforced. Society cannot function when a privileged few manipulate the system while everyday citizens struggle for basic rights like education, healthcare, and fair wages. To establish a fair and equitable society, it is essential to enforce strict boundaries on corruption, exploitation, and the misuse of power. This requires a new law establishing an Independent Anti-Corruption Authority (IACA)—a fully autonomous agency dedicated to investigating and holding accountable those who misuse the system, regardless of their wealth or influence. But before we get to the details of IACA, let’s examine the key issues that make such a law necessary.   Corruption and Exploitation: A Broken Syste...