Q and A: about health and research

Selenium and sodium are essential micronutrients that play critical yet distinct roles in human physiology. While selenium is particularly significant in thyroid function and autoimmune thyroid disorders, sodium is vital for maintaining fluid balance and regulating blood pressure—functions that are especially important in renal health. This article explores the roles of these two elements in greater scientific depth, highlighting their implications for thyroid and kidney disorders, and discussing recent research findings that extend our understanding of their physiological importance. Selenium and Thyroid Function Selenium is a trace element crucial for the synthesis and activation of thyroid hormones. It is incorporated into selenoproteins, such as iodothyronine deiodinases , which convert the inactive prohormone thyroxine (T4) into the active triiodothyronine (T3). These enzymes are essential for the local and systemic regulation of thyroid hormone activity. Selenium and Hypothyr...

Behaviors such as lying, defensiveness, aggression, or passive submission often have neurological or hormonal origins. In many cases, a deep sense of helplessness underlies self-destructive behavior, eventually leading to social isolation. Aggressive individuals, paradoxically, often seek empathy—even when their aggression causes others to withdraw in self-protection. This retreat, though instinctive, prevents the very response the aggressor unconsciously craves: understanding and connection. Nevertheless, the aggressor bears the responsibility to recognize their behavior and seek appropriate help. At the same time, the recipient of such aggression has a fundamental right to defend themselves, including through emotional or physical distance. Unfortunately, aggressive individuals are often selfish and narcissistic in their behavior. They tend to project their unresolved domestic or social problems onto others and demand empathy and assistance—as though those around them are responsib...

  Brunner syndrome is a rare, X-linked recessive neurodevelopmental disorder that should be considered when evaluating individuals—particularly males—with mild intellectual disability (ID) accompanied by episodic behavioral disturbances. This syndrome, caused by mutations in the MAOA gene, presents with a distinct constellation of cognitive and behavioral features, including impulsivity, aggression, and social difficulties, making early recognition crucial for effective intervention. Genetic Basis Brunner syndrome results from mutations in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene, which is located on the X chromosome. This gene encodes the enzyme monoamine oxidase A , responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Loss of MAOA function leads to elevated levels of these neurotransmitters, which are believed to contribute to the behavioral and cognitive features observed in the syndrome. Because the disorder is X-linked, it primarily...

An increase in creatine kinase (CK) levels in the blood can have a variety of causes, ranging from harmless physiological responses to serious medical conditions. CK is an enzyme primarily found in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles, and its elevation typically indicates muscle damage or stress. Monitoring CK levels can help identify underlying health issues, especially those related to muscle or systemic illness. Common Causes of Elevated CK Levels 1. Muscle Injury and Trauma Muscle damage is one of the most frequent causes of elevated CK levels. This may result from: Physical trauma such as falls, crush injuries, bruises, or surgical interventions. Burns or electrical injuries. Intramuscular injections , which can cause localized muscle damage. 2. Intense Physical Activity Strenuous exercise—especially resistance training or extreme endurance sports—can lead to a temporary increase in CK levels. This is a normal physiological response and typically resolves within ...

  Introduction While symbiotic relationships between viruses and bacteria have been documented, the possibility of a symbiosis between COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and common fungal genera such as Penicillium , Aspergillus , and Trichoderma remains unexplored. This gap in research presents a potential area of interest for understanding novel microbial interactions and their implications for human health. Symbiosis Between Viruses and Bacteria – A Fascinating Partnership in the Microbial World https://swaresearch.blogspot.com/2025/07/symbiosis-between-viruses-and-bacteria.html When viruses, bacteria, or fungi—such as Penicillium —enter a host, they can trigger a range of immune responses and physiological disruptions.  Penicillium molds do not directly produce autoantibodies. However, exposure to Penicillium mold and its mycotoxins can trigger an immune response that may lead to the production of IgG antibodies , including those that could be reactive against the body's own ti...