Cytokines: Mediators and Their Main Cell Sources, Types, and Functions

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Cytokines and Growth Factors:

  1. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

    • Main Cell Source: Macrophages, epithelial cells; pyroptotic cells
    • Type and Function: Proinflammatory alarmin cytokine; pyrogenic function, macrophage and Th17 cell activation

  2. Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

    • Main Cell Source: T cells
    • Type and Function: Effector T-cell and regulatory T-cell growth factor

  3. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

    • Main Cell Source: Macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells
    • Type and Function: Proinflammatory cytokine; pyrogenic function, increased antibody production, induction of acute-phase reactants

  4. Interleukin-9 (IL-9)

    • Main Cell Source: Th9 cells
    • Type and Function: Protection from helminth infections, activation of mast cells, association with type I interferon in COVID-19

  5. Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

    • Main Cell Source: Regulatory T cells, Th9 cells
    • Type and Function: Antiinflammatory cytokine; inhibition of Th1 cells and cytokine release

  6. Interleukin-12 (IL-12)

    • Main Cell Source: Dendritic cells, macrophages
    • Type and Function: Activation of the Th1 pathway; induction of interferon-γ from Th1 cells, CTLs, and NK cells; acting in synergy with interleukin-18

  7. Interleukin-17 (IL-17)

    • Main Cell Source: Th17 cells, NK cells, group 3 innate lymphoid cells
    • Type and Function: Promoting neutrophilic inflammation, protection from bacterial and fungal infections

  8. Interleukin-18 (IL-18)

    • Main Cell Source: Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
    • Type and Function: Proinflammatory alarmin cytokine; activation of Th1 pathway, acting in synergy with interleukin-12

  9. Interleukin-33 (IL-33)

    • Main Cell Source: Macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, epithelial cells
    • Type and Function: Proinflammatory alarmin cytokine; amplification of Th1 and Th2 cells, activation of NK cells, CTLs, and mast cells

  10. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)

    • Main Cell Source: Th1 cells, CTLs, group 1 innate lymphoid cells
    • Type and Function: Proinflammatory cytokine; activation of macrophages

  11. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

    • Main Cell Source: Macrophages, T cells, NK cells, mast cells
    • Type and Function: Increasing vascular permeability; pyrogenic function

  12. GM-CSF (Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor)

    • Main Cell Source: Th17 cells
    • Type and Function: Proinflammatory cytokine

  13. VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)

    • Main Cell Source: Macrophages
    • Type and Function: Angiogenesis

Chemokines:

  1. Interleukin-8 (CXCL8)

    • Main Cell Source: Macrophages, epithelial cells
    • Type and Function: Recruitment of neutrophils

  2. MIG (CXCL9)

    • Main Cell Source: Monocytes, endothelial cells, keratinocytes
    • Type and Function: Interferon-inducible chemokine; recruitment of Th1 cells, NK cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells

  3. IP-10 (CXCL10)

    • Main Cell Source: Monocytes, endothelial cells, keratinocytes
    • Type and Function: Interferon-inducible chemokine; recruitment of macrophages, Th1 cells, NK cells

  4. MCP-1 (CCL2)

    • Main Cell Source: Macrophages, dendritic cells, cardiac myocytes
    • Type and Function: Recruitment of Th2 cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, basophils

  5. MIP-1α (CCL3)

    • Main Cell Source: Monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, NK cells, mast cells
    • Type and Function: Recruitment of macrophages, Th1 cells, NK cells, eosinophils, dendritic cells; pyrogenic function

  6. MIP-1β (CCL4)

    • Main Cell Source: Macrophages, neutrophils, endothelium
    • Type and Function: Recruitment of macrophages, Th1 cells, NK cells, dendritic cells

  7. BLC (CXCL13)

    • Main Cell Source: B cells, follicular dendritic cells
    • Type and Function: Recruitment of B cells, CD4 T cells, dendritic cells

Plasma Proteins:

  1. CRP (C-Reactive Protein)

    • Main Cell Source: Hepatocytes
    • Type and Function: Monomeric CRP increases interleukin-8 and MCP-1 secretion; interleukin-6 increases CRP expression

  2. Complement

    • Main Cell Source: Hepatocytes, other cells
    • Type and Function: Complement activation contributes to tissue damage in cytokine storm; complement inhibition can reduce immunopathologic effects of cytokine storm

  3. Ferritin

    • Main Cell Source: Ubiquitous
    • Type and Function: Primary site of iron storage in cells

Note: BLC denotes B-lymphocyte chemoattractant; CRP denotes C-reactive protein; CTLs denote cytotoxic T lymphocytes; GM-CSF denotes granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IP-10 denotes interferon-inducible protein 10; MCP-1 denotes monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MIG denotes monokine induced by interferon-γ; MIP-1α and MIP-1β denote macrophage inflammatory protein 1α and 1β, respectively; NK denotes natural killer; Th1, Th2, Th9, and Th17 cells denote types 1, 2, 9, and 17 helper T cells, respectively; and VEGF denotes vascular endothelial growth factor. In idiopathic multicentric Castleman’s disease, the levels of CXCL13 are the most elevated of all the cytokines or chemokines.

Reference: Cytokine Storm (video) Why the microglia have turned against you
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpDGycK3zhA

Note: By reading my blog, you acknowledge that I do not provide medical diagnoses or treatments. The information provided is meant to answer frequently asked questions and is gathered from reputable scientific papers.

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