Inflammation Cells and Markers

By SWA

What immune cells are involved in inflammation?
During inflammation, macrophages present antigens, undergo phagocytosis, and modulate the immune response by producing cytokines and growth factors. Mast cells, which reside in connective tissue matrices and on epithelial surfaces, are effector cells that initiate inflammatory responses.

Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5805548/

 
What are the markers for inflammatory cells?
The most frequently used inflammatory markers include acute-phase proteins, essentially CRP, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen and procalcitonin, and cytokines, predominantly TNFα, interleukins 1β, 6, 8, 10 and 12 and their receptors and IFNγ.
Inflammatory markers explained: https://arc-w.nihr.ac.uk/news/inflammatory-markers-explained/
 

What cell is elevated during chronic inflammation?
Of the cell types present in chronic inflammation, macrophages are the most important as they secrete a large collection of biologically active products. These products have a key role in promoting the growth of fibroblasts and blood vessels, as well as tissue regeneration and remodeling.
Chronic Inflammation: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/chronic-inflammation
 
 
What are the 5 markers of inflammation?
Based on visual observation, the ancients characterised inflammation by five cardinal signs, namely redness (rubor), swelling (tumour), heat (calor; only applicable to the body' extremities), pain (dolor) and loss of function (functio laesa).
"The Journal of Inflammation": https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1074343/
 

Cascade of immune mechanism and consequences of inflammatory disorders: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8373857/

  Inflammatory Cascade: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings ...

The immune system and inflammatory markers are closely interrelated, each playing a significant role in the body's response to infections, injuries, and diseases. Here's a brief overview of their relationships:

  1. Immune System Cells and Inflammatory Markers: The immune system is composed of various cells like T-cells, B-cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. These cells release inflammatory markers, such as cytokines and chemokines, in response to pathogens or tissue damage.

  2. Cytokines: These are small proteins released by immune cells that have a significant role in cell signaling. Cytokines like interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferons (IFNs) are critical in mediating and regulating immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis.

  3. Acute Phase Reactants: These are proteins whose plasma concentrations increase (positive acute-phase proteins) or decrease (negative acute-phase proteins) in response to inflammation. Examples include C-reactive protein (CRP), which is a commonly used clinical marker to assess the presence and intensity of inflammation.

  4. Chemokines: These are a subset of cytokines that specifically direct the movement of circulating immune cells to the site of injury or infection.

  5. Interplay in Disease: In many diseases, an imbalance in these markers can lead to pathological conditions. For instance, in autoimmune diseases, inappropriate activation of the immune system causes an excessive inflammatory response. Similarly, chronic inflammation is a hallmark of many diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, where both immune cells and inflammatory markers play a role.

  6. Feedback Mechanisms: The immune response and inflammation are tightly regulated by feedback mechanisms. Certain cytokines can promote inflammation (pro-inflammatory cytokines), while others play a role in reducing inflammation and promoting healing (anti-inflammatory cytokines).

  7. Therapeutic Targets: Many modern therapeutics aim to modulate these markers. For example, biologics used in autoimmune diseases target specific cytokines or their receptors to reduce inflammation and immune system activity.

 Immunology | Inflammation: Vascular Events: Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LArxUakFsFs&t=2s

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