Skeletal Muscle Weakness - 𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚 and Mitochondrial Changes in Skeletal Muscle

 This is a  collection of skeletal muscle weakness-related illnesses.

β-Hydroxybutyrate Elicits Favorable Mitochondrial Changes in Skeletal Muscle

 The clinical benefit of ketosis has historically and almost exclusively centered on neurological conditions, lending insight into how ketones alter mitochondrial function in neurons. However, there is a gap in our understanding of how ketones influence mitochondria within skeletal muscle cells. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30071599/

The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is synthesized in the liver from fatty acids and represents an essential carrier of energy from the liver to peripheral tissues when the supply of glucose is too low for the body's energetic needs. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6640868/ 

 

Post-polio syndrome and muscle weakness

Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a disorder of the nerves and muscles. It happens in some people many years after they have had polio. PPS may cause new muscle weakness that gets worse over time, pain in the muscles and joints, and tiredness. People with PPS often feel exhausted. https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-polio-syndrome.html

Muscular Dystrophy: A group of genetic disorders causing progressive muscle degeneration.

Muscular dystrophy refers to a group of more than 30 genetic conditions that cause muscle weakness and other muscle-related symptoms. The symptoms of muscular dystrophy get worse over time. It can be present at birth, develop in childhood or develop in adulthood depending on the type. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14128-muscular-dystrophy

Myasthenia Gravis: An autoimmune disease affecting neuromuscular communication.

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune, neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles (the muscles that connect to your bones and contract to allow body movement in the arms and legs, and allow for breathing) https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/myasthenia-gravis

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): A neurodegenerative disease leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.

Overview. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a-my-o-TROE-fik LAT-ur-ul skluh-ROE-sis), known as ALS, is a nervous system disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. ALS causes loss of muscle control. The disease gets worse over time. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354022

Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage resulting in muscle weakness, often in extremities.

Peripheral neuropathy happens when the nerves that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves) are damaged. This condition often causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in the hands and feet.    Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS): An autoimmune disorder causing muscle weakness and numbness. Use keywords like "Guillain-Barré Syndrome research" to find relevant publications. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352061

Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis: Autoimmune diseases with muscle inflammation and weakness. Look for "Polymyositis research" or "Dermatomyositis studies."

            What is the difference between polymyositis and dermatomyositis?

Polymyositis and dermatomyositis are autoimmune diseases that cause inflammation of the muscles, most commonly the upper arms and thighs, resulting in weakness. Polymyositis affects mainly the muscles while dermatomyositis can cause skin lesions in addition to muscle inflammation. Inflammatory Diseases of the Muscle: Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis: https://www.brighamandwomens.org/medicine/rheumatology-inflammation-immunity/services/polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis

 Inflammatory Myopathies: Conditions characterized by chronic muscle inflammation.

What are inflammatory myopathies? The inflammatory myopathies are a group of rare diseases that involve chronic (long-standing) muscle inflammation, muscle weakness, and in some cases, muscle pain. Myopathy is a general term used to describe a number of conditions affecting the muscles. to find related research articles. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/inflammatory-myopathies

 Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA): A genetic disorder affecting motor neurons and causing muscle atrophy.

One approach researchers are pursuing for SMA focuses on protecting muscles from paralysis and increasing their strength. Although this approach does not fix the underlying genetic problem in SMA, drugs that enhance muscle function could likely be used in combination with other therapies that act on the SMN (I have no SMN) genes. https://www.mda.org/disease/spinal-muscular-atrophy/research

Metabolic Myopathies: Muscle disorders affecting energy production.

Metabolic myopathies should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with exercise-induced muscle symptoms, static or progressive myopathy, isolated neuromuscular respiratory weakness, and muscle disease associated with systemic conditions. Also search for "Metabolic Myopathies studies" or "Glycogen Storage Diseases research." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10563931/

Muscle Atrophy: Research on muscle atrophy due to disuse or

Muscle atrophy is the wasting or thinning of muscle mass. It can be caused by disuse of your muscles or neurogenic conditions. Symptoms include a decrease in muscle mass, one limb being smaller than the other, and numbness, weakness and tingling in your limbs.    Infections: To find publications related to muscle weakness caused by infections, use keywords such as "Viral Myositis research" or "Bacterial Myositis studies." https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22310-muscle-atrophy

 Endocrine Disorders: For muscle weakness linked to endocrine issues,

Hypothyroidism and muscle weakness

Hypothyroid myopathy is characterized by myalgia and weakness and affects almost 80 percent of patients with hypothyroidism. Patients with severe or untreated hypothyroidism can develop significant muscle disease leading to severe functional limitations.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519513/ 

Medication Side Effects: 

          To explore publications on medications causing muscle weakness, use specific drug names in your search, such as "Corticosteroid-induced Muscle Weakness research."

To access these publications, consider using academic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, or your institution's library resources, which will provide access to a wide range of research articles and studies on these skeletal muscle weakness-related illnesses.

𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚 - 𝐋𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐓𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐜 𝐍𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞 - 𝐈𝐧𝐣𝐮𝐫𝐲

𝐂𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬:

- 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐖𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐈𝐦𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞: 𝐖𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐦𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐳𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬.

- 𝐍𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞 𝐃𝐚𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞:

𝐈𝐧𝐣𝐮𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐫 𝐝𝐚𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐜 𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞, 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐜𝐥𝐞, 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠.

- 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐦𝐚:

𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐦𝐚 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠.

𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬:

- 𝐕𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚 𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐲 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐰𝐚𝐲 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐤.

- 𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐖𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬:

𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐲 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬.

- 𝐏𝐚𝐢𝐧:

𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐫 𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐧.

𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐬:

- 𝐏𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝐀 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐡𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡.

- 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐲𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐲 (𝐄𝐌𝐆):

𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐬.

- 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐬:

𝐗-𝐫𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐛𝐞 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞.

𝐓𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭

          - 𝐏𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐲: 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐞𝐱𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲.

- 𝐍𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

𝐈𝐟 𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞, 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜 𝐫𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐛𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝.

- 𝐁𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐫 𝐓𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐠:

𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐛𝐞 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚.

- 𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐲:

𝐈𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐚𝐢𝐥, 𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐠𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐛𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐝.