GLP-1 and GLP-2: Structure, Function, and Medical and Vegan Diet Relevance — Including the Role of Protein Intake
Introduction GLP-1 (Glucagon-like Peptide-1) and GLP-2 (Glucagon-like Peptide-2) are peptide hormones derived from a common precursor, proglucagon , and secreted by enteroendocrine L-cells in the distal small intestine and colon. These hormones are released in response to nutrient intake , including carbohydrates, fats, and importantly, proteins . Though they are co-secreted, GLP-1 and GLP-2 have distinct physiological roles in regulating metabolism and gastrointestinal health. This article examines the structure and function of GLP-1 and GLP-2, their medical applications , and their relevance to plant-based (vegan) diets —with special attention to the potential benefit of increased protein intake in optimizing their natural activity. GLP-1 (Glucagon-like Peptide-1) Function GLP-1 is a central regulator of glucose homeostasis and appetite control . Key actions include: Stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells in a glucose-dependent manner, reducing the risk ...