Cytotoxic response is a critical aspect of the immune system

By SWA

Over the past four years, my trust in doctors has diminished due to their consistently inadequate diagnoses and care, resulting in needless suffering for patients.

For this reason I ask to watch it to the end.  
This video is a call for all doctors and scientists. 
Potential Clinical Implications of Geert's Viral Shift Predictions
https://philipmcmillan.substack.com/p/potential-clinical-implications-of?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=email-half-post&r=squl4

What is the cytotoxic response?

Cytotoxic cells are involved in directly killing intracellular pathogens and eliminating mutated and cancerous cells. These immune responses are generated by T-cells when they recognize an antigen, which is exposed to them by antigen-presenting cells.

The cytotoxic response is a critical aspect of the immune system's defense mechanisms. It involves the direct destruction of cells that are infected with pathogens (such as viruses) or cells that have become cancerous. Here's how it works:

  1. Identification of Infected or Abnormal Cells: Cytotoxic cells, primarily cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are specialized in recognizing cells that display abnormal peptides on their surface. These peptides are usually derived from intracellular pathogens like viruses, or they can be abnormal proteins produced by cancerous cells.

  2. Presentation of Antigens: Antigens are substances that the immune system recognizes as foreign. In the case of cytotoxic response, these antigens are small peptides derived from pathogens or abnormal cell processes. These peptides are presented on the surface of the infected or abnormal cells in conjunction with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules.

  3. Activation of Cytotoxic T Cells: Cytotoxic T cells, a type of white blood cell, are activated when their T-cell receptor (TCR) binds to the antigen-MHC complex on the surface of an infected or abnormal cell. This activation often requires additional signals from helper T cells.

  4. Destruction of Target Cells: Once activated, cytotoxic T cells release cytotoxic granules, which contain enzymes like perforin and granzymes. Perforin forms pores in the target cell's membrane, allowing granzymes to enter the cell. Granzymes are serine proteases that induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the target cell, leading to its destruction.

  5. Regulation and Memory: After the elimination of the threat, most of the activated cytotoxic T cells undergo apoptosis (die off). However, some of them become memory T cells, which can rapidly respond if the same antigen is encountered again in the future.

In summary, the cytotoxic response is an essential part of the adaptive immune system, targeting and eliminating cells that have become dysfunctional due to infection or mutation. This process is crucial in controlling infections, especially viral infections, and for preventing the development and spread of cancers.

Read also:  

Could a Cytokine Storm Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) Endothelial Dysfunction and microclots/thrombosis?


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