ROS Reactive oxygen species the principle of oxidative stress

By SWA

Thus, ROS are typically categorized as neurotoxic molecules and typically exert their detrimental effects via oxidation of essential macromolecules such as enzymes and cytoskeletal proteins. Most importantly, excessive ROS are associated with decreased performance in cognitive function.

Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation can induce oxidative stress, leading to cell damage that can culminate in cell death. Therefore, cells have antioxidant networks to scavenge excessively produced ROS.
 
Oxidative stress refers to elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause damage to lipids, proteins and DNA. Oxidative stress has been linked to a myriad of pathologies.
Another main effect of ROS is lipid peroxidation, which occurs when membrane phospholipids are brought into contact with an ROS oxidising agent.

Mitochondria are an important source of ROS (reactive oxygen species) within most mammalian cells [1–8]. This ROS production contributes to mitochondrial damage in a range of pathologies and is also important in redox signalling from the organelle to the rest of the cell
 
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Principles and Implications

  1. Definition and Nature of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) encompass a variety of molecular oxygen derivatives, a natural aspect of aerobic life. Elevated ROS levels can lead to 'oxidative distress' due to molecular damage.

  2. The Dual Nature of ROS - Beneficial and Detrimental Effects: ROS have a dual role in biological systems. They are crucial in modulating signaling molecules and transcription factors, thus influencing gene expression and cellular behavior. However, an accumulation of excessive ROS can be harmful, damaging DNA, RNA, proteins, and potentially leading to cell death.

  3. Sources of ROS: ROS are by-products of normal cellular activities and are integral to cellular signaling. Their overproduction can disrupt cell homeostasis, structures, and functions, causing oxidative stress.

  4. Role and Function of ROS: As typical byproducts of cellular metabolism, ROS play roles as secondary messengers in various physiological functions. Their involvement extends to both normal physiological processes and a range of pathological conditions.

  5. The Necessity of ROS in Biological Systems: ROS, emerging from cellular oxidative metabolism, are vital in modulating cell survival, cell death, differentiation, signaling, and production of inflammation-related factors.

  6. Factors Increasing ROS Production: ROS production can be heightened by processes that cause uncoupling in electron transport, with mitochondria being a primary source. Additionally, enzymes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic enzyme systems, and the plasma membrane surface also contribute to ROS generation.

     

    The Role of Oxidative Stress in Skeletal Muscle Myogenesis and Muscle Disease

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