Q&A about health and research

Thrombophilia refers to an increased tendency to form abnormal blood clots, which can lead to deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) . Several genetic causes of thrombophilia include Factor V Leiden mutation , antithrombin III deficiency , protein C and protein S deficiencies , histidine-rich glycoprotein deficiency , and prothrombin-related thrombophilia . These genetic abnormalities disrupt normal clot regulation, increasing the risk of clotting disorders. Key Genetic Causes of Thrombophilia Factor V Leiden Mutation : This is the most common cause of inherited thrombophilia, making Factor V resistant to inactivation by activated protein C (APC), resulting in increased clot formation. Antithrombin III Deficiency : Antithrombin III helps regulate clotting by inhibiting enzymes like thrombin. A deficiency reduces this inhibition, raising the risk of clot formation. Protein C and Protein S Deficiencies : These proteins work together to deactivate Factors Va and VI...

 Patients experiencing symptoms like fever, chills, or body aches after taking propofol should be checked for bacterial sepsis. Propofol can cause temporary green urine due to its metabolism in the liver, intestines, and kidneys and the production of phenol metabolites, especially when hepatic elimination is limited. Additionally, propofol, a GABA receptor agonist, can impair various functions of monocytes and neutrophils in the innate immune system, such as respiratory burst, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and polarization. Furthermore, there is a risk of severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, which is potentially life-threatening and necessitates immediate medical intervention. Several medications, similar to propofol, can cause symptoms like fever, chills, body aches, and allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. However, the specific combination of symptoms and effects, such as the transient green discoloration of urine and the impairment of certain immune ...

 Enteroviruses and herpes viruses are both groups of viruses, but they differ in their characteristics, mode of transmission, diseases they cause, and reactivation potential. Enteroviruses: Characteristics : Enteroviruses are a group of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. They belong to the family Picornaviridae. Common Types : This group includes polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and enteroviruses (like EV-D68). Transmission : They are typically transmitted via the fecal-oral route, through contact with contaminated hands, surfaces, or food and water. Respiratory transmission is also possible. Diseases Caused : These viruses can cause a range of illnesses, from mild respiratory infections to severe diseases like poliomyelitis, aseptic meningitis, and hand-foot-and-mouth disease. Reactivation : Unlike some other viruses, enteroviruses do not typically undergo latent or dormant phases; therefore, reactivation is not a common characteristic. Herpes Viruses: Char...

Governments, researchers, medical professionals, and society must refrain from presuming and unfairly suggesting that symptoms are imaginary simply because evidence is elusive. The issue often lies in limited knowledge and reliance on standard testing, which may not be comprehensive due to insurance constraints, thereby hindering the discovery of underlying causes. ME/CFS, an illness recognized globally, has unfortunately been subject to opinions rather than solid evidence. In clinical settings, diagnoses can be accurate or erroneous; they should not be seen as definitive, as gaps in knowledge can lead to misinterpretations and treatments that might cause further harm. Other potential illnesses, such as muscle weakness, exhaustion, memory impairment, and pain, have been identified, but these were not always considered or compared with ME/CFS. Initially, there was a significant oversight in not examining the hypothalamic axis and its hormonal impact on neuroinflammation and antibo...

Post-Polio Syndrome Revisited Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is characterized by recrudescence or worsening of motor neuron disease symptoms decades after recovery from acute paralytic poliovirus infection, i.e., poliomyelitis. PPS afflicts between 25% and 40% of poliomyelitis survivors and mimics motor neuron diseases (MNDs), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), due to its selective impairment, degeneration, or death of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. Herein, we report a case of PPS in a 68-year-old man with a remote history of bulbar and cervical cord involvement by poliomyelitis, review the relevant literature, and contrast the salient histopathologic features that distinguish our case of PPS from ALS. https://www.mdpi.com/2035-8377/15/2/35 How do you diagnose post-polio syndrome? There are no laboratory or diagnostic tests for PPS. Physicians diagnose the condition after completing a comprehensive medical history and physical examination , and by exclu...

Endocrine disorders and diseases Acromegaly causes parts of the body to grow larger and mostly affects middle-aged people. ... Addison's disease . ... Adrenal fatigue . ... Congenital adrenal hyperplasia . ... Cushing's syndrome . ... Diabetes . ... Gestational diabetes . ... Gigantism. What endocrine disorder can lead to a brain disorder? Both hyper- and hypothyroidism may lead to behavioural and cognitive changes, mimicking mania and depression, respectively. Severe hyperthyroidism may lead to reduced consciousness, usually in the context of a 'thyroid storm' following a precipitating event (such as infection or surgery). Neurology of endocrine disease: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4952172/     What can trigger endocrine disorders? https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/endocrine-disorders Endocrine disorders have several potential causes, such as tumors, genetic factors, or hormonal imbalances . Because these conditions affect hormones, the...

Carbohydrates, glucose, and amylin are interconnected in the body's metabolic processes, especially in the context of energy metabolism and blood sugar regulation: Carbohydrates : Carbohydrates are one of the three main macronutrients in our diet (alongside fats and proteins) and are a primary source of energy. They are found in foods like grains, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. During digestion, complex carbohydrates are broken down into simpler sugars, such as glucose, which is then absorbed into the bloodstream. Glucose : As the simplest form of sugar and the main product of carbohydrate digestion, glucose is a crucial source of energy for the body. It is transported via the bloodstream to various cells where it is used for energy or stored for later use. The level of glucose in the blood is regulated by various hormones, including insulin. Amylin : Amylin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, along with insulin. It plays a significant role in the regulation of glucose ...

 As a person with Psoriasis, Herpes, Candida, and Rheumatoid Arthritis   I collected a summary from several publications.    Psoriasis : both HLA I (Human Leukocyte Antigen class I) and HLA II (Human Leukocyte Antigen class II) are associated with psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune skin condition. HLA-Cw6 (a HLA Class I Antigen): This is the most significantly associated allele with psoriasis, especially with early-onset psoriasis. Individuals carrying HLA-Cw6 have a higher risk of developing psoriasis and it is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. HLA Class II Antigens: While the association is stronger with HLA Class I antigens, certain HLA Class II alleles have also been implicated in psoriasis. These alleles might not be as strongly associated with the disease as HLA-Cw6, but they contribute to the genetic susceptibility and variability in the disease presentation.  HLA I and EBV HLA Class I Molecules and T Cells: HLA Class I mole...

  Adrenal Insufficiency : Adrenal insufficiency, also known as Addison's disease when primary, is a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient amounts of certain hormones, including cortisol and, sometimes, aldosterone. It can have various causes, including autoimmune disorders, infections, tumors, or genetic conditions like ALD. Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure, and darkening of the skin. This condition occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of certain hormones, especially cortisol and sometimes aldosterone. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by various factors, including autoimmune diseases, infections, genetic conditions like adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), or damage to the adrenal glands. Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the nervous system and the adrenal glands.  Condition: Genetic Basis : ALD is an X-linked genetic disorder, meaning it is c...